Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Type I Interferons-Where Sex Makes a Difference
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Type I Interferons-Where Sex Makes a Difference. / Ziegler, Susanne Maria; Altfeld, Marcus.
In: FRONT IMMUNOL, Vol. 8, 2017, p. 1224.Research output: SCORING: Contribution to journal › SCORING: Review article › Research
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Type I Interferons-Where Sex Makes a Difference
AU - Ziegler, Susanne Maria
AU - Altfeld, Marcus
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 epidemic continues to represent a global health problem that is over-proportionally affecting women from sub-Saharan Africa. Besides social and environmental factors, the modulation of immunological pathways by sex hormones and gene dosage effects of X chromosomal-encoded genes have been suggested to lead to differential outcomes in HIV-1 disease. Women present with lower HIV-1 loads early in infection. However, the progression to AIDS for the same level of viremia is faster in women than in men. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a prominent role in the control of HIV-1 transmission and replication. Continuous stimulation of type I IFNs in chronic viral infections can lead to increased levels of immune activation, which can be higher in HIV-1-infected women than in men. A role of steroid hormone signaling in regulating viral replication has been postulated, which might further account for sex differences observed in HIV-1 infections. Here, we review recent findings and current knowledge on sex-specific differences in HIV-1 infections.
AB - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 epidemic continues to represent a global health problem that is over-proportionally affecting women from sub-Saharan Africa. Besides social and environmental factors, the modulation of immunological pathways by sex hormones and gene dosage effects of X chromosomal-encoded genes have been suggested to lead to differential outcomes in HIV-1 disease. Women present with lower HIV-1 loads early in infection. However, the progression to AIDS for the same level of viremia is faster in women than in men. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a prominent role in the control of HIV-1 transmission and replication. Continuous stimulation of type I IFNs in chronic viral infections can lead to increased levels of immune activation, which can be higher in HIV-1-infected women than in men. A role of steroid hormone signaling in regulating viral replication has been postulated, which might further account for sex differences observed in HIV-1 infections. Here, we review recent findings and current knowledge on sex-specific differences in HIV-1 infections.
KW - Journal Article
KW - Review
U2 - 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01224
DO - 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01224
M3 - SCORING: Review article
C2 - 29033943
VL - 8
SP - 1224
JO - FRONT IMMUNOL
JF - FRONT IMMUNOL
SN - 1664-3224
ER -