Cytokine Storm - Definition, Causes, and Implications
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Cytokine Storm - Definition, Causes, and Implications. / Jarczak, Dominik; Nierhaus, Axel.
In: INT J MOL SCI, Vol. 23, No. 19, 11740, 03.10.2022.Research output: SCORING: Contribution to journal › SCORING: Review article › Research
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Cytokine Storm - Definition, Causes, and Implications
AU - Jarczak, Dominik
AU - Nierhaus, Axel
PY - 2022/10/3
Y1 - 2022/10/3
N2 - The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a fragile equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammation effects is maintained by complex regulatory mechanisms. Disturbances of this homeostasis can lead to intricate chain reactions resulting in a massive release of cytokines. This may result in a drastic self-reinforcement of various feedback mechanisms, which can ultimately lead to systemic damage, multi-organ failure, or death. Not only pathogens can initiate such disturbances, but also congenital diseases or immunomodulatory therapies. Due to the complex and diverse interactions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, the understanding of this important clinical syndrome is incomplete to date and effective therapeutic approaches remain scarce.
AB - The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a fragile equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammation effects is maintained by complex regulatory mechanisms. Disturbances of this homeostasis can lead to intricate chain reactions resulting in a massive release of cytokines. This may result in a drastic self-reinforcement of various feedback mechanisms, which can ultimately lead to systemic damage, multi-organ failure, or death. Not only pathogens can initiate such disturbances, but also congenital diseases or immunomodulatory therapies. Due to the complex and diverse interactions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, the understanding of this important clinical syndrome is incomplete to date and effective therapeutic approaches remain scarce.
KW - Chemokines
KW - Cytokine Release Syndrome
KW - Cytokines
KW - Humans
KW - Interferons
KW - Interleukins
U2 - 10.3390/ijms231911740
DO - 10.3390/ijms231911740
M3 - SCORING: Review article
C2 - 36233040
VL - 23
JO - INT J MOL SCI
JF - INT J MOL SCI
SN - 1661-6596
IS - 19
M1 - 11740
ER -