The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias

Lindsey A Bultema; Robert Bücker; Eike C Schulz; Friedjof Tellkamp; Josef Gonschior; R J Dwayne Miller; Günther H Kassier

doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113579

The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias

Standard

The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias. / Bultema, Lindsey A; Bücker, Robert; Schulz, Eike C; Tellkamp, Friedjof; Gonschior, Josef; Miller, R J Dwayne; Kassier, Günther H.

In: ULTRAMICROSCOPY, Vol. 240, 113579, 10.2022.

Research output: SCORING: Contribution to journal › SCORING: Journal article › Research › peer-review

Harvard

Bultema, LA, Bücker, R, Schulz, EC, Tellkamp, F, Gonschior, J, Miller, RJD & Kassier, GH 2022, 'The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias', ULTRAMICROSCOPY, vol. 240, 113579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113579

APA

Bultema, L. A., Bücker, R., Schulz, E. C., Tellkamp, F., Gonschior, J., Miller, R. J. D., & Kassier, G. H. (2022). The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias. ULTRAMICROSCOPY, 240, [113579]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113579

Vancouver

Bultema LA, Bücker R, Schulz EC, Tellkamp F, Gonschior J, Miller RJD et al. The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias. ULTRAMICROSCOPY. 2022 Oct;240. 113579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113579

Bibtex

@article{26ef1797752c4bb5bbd1f23504b8dd1e,

title = "The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias",

abstract = "The effect of window material on electron beam induced phenomena in liquid phase electron microscopy (LPEM) is an interesting yet under-explored subject. We have studied the differences of electron beam induced gold nanoparticle (AuNP) growth subject to three encapsulation materials: Silicon Nitride (Si3N4), carbon and formvar. We find Si3N4 liquid cells (LCs) to result in significantly higher AuNP growth yield as compared to LCs employing the other two materials. In all cases, an electrical bias of the entire LC structures significantly affected particle growth. We demonstrate an inverse correlation of the AuNP growth rate with secondary electron (SE) emission from the windows. We attribute these differences at least in part to variations in SE emission dynamics, which is seen as a combination of material and bias dependent SE escape flux (SEEF) and SE return flux (SERF). Furthermore, our model predictions qualitatively match electrochemistry expectations.",

author = "Bultema, {Lindsey A} and Robert B{\"u}cker and Schulz, {Eike C} and Friedjof Tellkamp and Josef Gonschior and Miller, {R J Dwayne} and Kassier, {G{\"u}nther H}",

note = "Copyright {\textcopyright} 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.",

year = "2022",

month = oct,

doi = "10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113579",

language = "English",

volume = "240",

journal = "ULTRAMICROSCOPY",

issn = "0304-3991",

publisher = "Elsevier",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias

AU - Bultema, Lindsey A

AU - Bücker, Robert

AU - Schulz, Eike C

AU - Tellkamp, Friedjof

AU - Gonschior, Josef

AU - Miller, R J Dwayne

AU - Kassier, Günther H

PY - 2022/10

Y1 - 2022/10

N2 - The effect of window material on electron beam induced phenomena in liquid phase electron microscopy (LPEM) is an interesting yet under-explored subject. We have studied the differences of electron beam induced gold nanoparticle (AuNP) growth subject to three encapsulation materials: Silicon Nitride (Si3N4), carbon and formvar. We find Si3N4 liquid cells (LCs) to result in significantly higher AuNP growth yield as compared to LCs employing the other two materials. In all cases, an electrical bias of the entire LC structures significantly affected particle growth. We demonstrate an inverse correlation of the AuNP growth rate with secondary electron (SE) emission from the windows. We attribute these differences at least in part to variations in SE emission dynamics, which is seen as a combination of material and bias dependent SE escape flux (SEEF) and SE return flux (SERF). Furthermore, our model predictions qualitatively match electrochemistry expectations.

AB - The effect of window material on electron beam induced phenomena in liquid phase electron microscopy (LPEM) is an interesting yet under-explored subject. We have studied the differences of electron beam induced gold nanoparticle (AuNP) growth subject to three encapsulation materials: Silicon Nitride (Si3N4), carbon and formvar. We find Si3N4 liquid cells (LCs) to result in significantly higher AuNP growth yield as compared to LCs employing the other two materials. In all cases, an electrical bias of the entire LC structures significantly affected particle growth. We demonstrate an inverse correlation of the AuNP growth rate with secondary electron (SE) emission from the windows. We attribute these differences at least in part to variations in SE emission dynamics, which is seen as a combination of material and bias dependent SE escape flux (SEEF) and SE return flux (SERF). Furthermore, our model predictions qualitatively match electrochemistry expectations.

U2 - 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113579

DO - 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113579

M3 - SCORING: Journal article

C2 - 35780682

VL - 240

JO - ULTRAMICROSCOPY

JF - ULTRAMICROSCOPY

SN - 0304-3991

M1 - 113579

ER -