A complete removal of the larynx has profound consequences for a patient. Since laryngectomy involves the separation of the upper airway from the lower airway, it not only implies a loss of the voice organ but also leads to chronic lung problems such as increased coughing, mucus production and expectoration. In addition, laryngectomees complain of fatigue, sleeping problems, a reduced sense of smell and taste, and a loss of social contact. A heat and moisture exchanger (HME) cassette can replace a function of the upper airway which consists in conditioning inspired air. It can improve pulmonary symptoms in three ways. 1. An HME cassette heats and moisturises inhaled air and thus creates nearly physiological conditions in the region of the deep airway. 2. The use of an HME cassette leads to an increase in breathing resistance, thereby reducing dynamic airway compression and improving lung ventilation. 3. An HME cassette acts as a filter and removes larger particles from incoming air. This review examines the current understanding of lung physiology after laryngectomy and assesses the effects of HME cassettes on the conditioning of respiratory air, lung function and psychosocial problems.
