Principles of fluid management and stewardship in septic shock: it is time to consider the four D's and the four phases of fluid therapy

TY - JOUR

T1 - Principles of fluid management and stewardship in septic shock: it is time to consider the four D's and the four phases of fluid therapy

AU - Malbrain, Manu L N G

AU - Van Regenmortel, Niels

AU - Saugel, Bernd

AU - De Tavernier, Brecht

AU - Van Gaal, Pieter-Jan

AU - Joannes-Boyau, Olivier

AU - Teboul, Jean-Louis

AU - Rice, Todd W

AU - Mythen, Monty

AU - Monnet, Xavier

PY - 2018/5/22

Y1 - 2018/5/22

N2 - In patients with septic shock, the administration of fluids during initial hemodynamic resuscitation remains a major therapeutic challenge. We are faced with many open questions regarding the type, dose and timing of intravenous fluid administration. There are only four major indications for intravenous fluid administration: aside from resuscitation, intravenous fluids have many other uses including maintenance and replacement of total body water and electrolytes, as carriers for medications and for parenteral nutrition. In this paradigm-shifting review, we discuss different fluid management strategies including early adequate goal-directed fluid management, late conservative fluid management and late goal-directed fluid removal. In addition, we expand on the concept of the "four D's" of fluid therapy, namely drug, dosing, duration and de-escalation. During the treatment of patients with septic shock, four phases of fluid therapy should be considered in order to provide answers to four basic questions. These four phases are the resuscitation phase, the optimization phase, the stabilization phase and the evacuation phase. The four questions are "When to start intravenous fluids?", "When to stop intravenous fluids?", "When to start de-resuscitation or active fluid removal?" and finally "When to stop de-resuscitation?" In analogy to the way we handle antibiotics in critically ill patients, it is time for fluid stewardship.

AB - In patients with septic shock, the administration of fluids during initial hemodynamic resuscitation remains a major therapeutic challenge. We are faced with many open questions regarding the type, dose and timing of intravenous fluid administration. There are only four major indications for intravenous fluid administration: aside from resuscitation, intravenous fluids have many other uses including maintenance and replacement of total body water and electrolytes, as carriers for medications and for parenteral nutrition. In this paradigm-shifting review, we discuss different fluid management strategies including early adequate goal-directed fluid management, late conservative fluid management and late goal-directed fluid removal. In addition, we expand on the concept of the "four D's" of fluid therapy, namely drug, dosing, duration and de-escalation. During the treatment of patients with septic shock, four phases of fluid therapy should be considered in order to provide answers to four basic questions. These four phases are the resuscitation phase, the optimization phase, the stabilization phase and the evacuation phase. The four questions are "When to start intravenous fluids?", "When to stop intravenous fluids?", "When to start de-resuscitation or active fluid removal?" and finally "When to stop de-resuscitation?" In analogy to the way we handle antibiotics in critically ill patients, it is time for fluid stewardship.

KW - Journal Article

KW - Review

U2 - 10.1186/s13613-018-0402-x

DO - 10.1186/s13613-018-0402-x

M3 - SCORING: Review article

C2 - 29789983

VL - 8

SP - 66

JO - ANN INTENSIVE CARE

JF - ANN INTENSIVE CARE

SN - 2110-5820

IS - 1

ER -