Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg Health Study

Alireza Mirshahi; Katharina A Ponto; René Hoehn; Isabella Zwiener; Tanja Zeller; Karl Lackner; Manfred E Beutel; Norbert Pfeiffer

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.017

Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg Health Study

Standard

Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg Health Study. / Mirshahi, Alireza; Ponto, Katharina A; Hoehn, René; Zwiener, Isabella; Zeller, Tanja; Lackner, Karl; Beutel, Manfred E; Pfeiffer, Norbert.

In: OPHTHALMOLOGY, Vol. 121, No. 10, 10.2014, p. 2047-2052.

Research output: SCORING: Contribution to journal › SCORING: Journal article › Research › peer-review

Harvard

Mirshahi, A, Ponto, KA, Hoehn, R, Zwiener, I, Zeller, T, Lackner, K, Beutel, ME & Pfeiffer, N 2014, 'Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg Health Study', OPHTHALMOLOGY, vol. 121, no. 10, pp. 2047-2052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.017

APA

Mirshahi, A., Ponto, K. A., Hoehn, R., Zwiener, I., Zeller, T., Lackner, K., Beutel, M. E., & Pfeiffer, N. (2014). Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg Health Study. OPHTHALMOLOGY, 121(10), 2047-2052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.017

Vancouver

Mirshahi A, Ponto KA, Hoehn R, Zwiener I, Zeller T, Lackner K et al. Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg Health Study. OPHTHALMOLOGY. 2014 Oct;121(10):2047-2052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.017

Bibtex

@article{f2b5305156dc47cd91045dd0d2c57a4e,

title = "Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg Health Study",

abstract = "PURPOSE: To analyze the association between myopia and educational level in an adult European cohort.DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study.PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of the Gutenberg Health Study, including 4658 eligible enrollees between 35 and 74 years of age.METHODS: We applied a standardized protocol entailing a comprehensive questionnaire; thorough ophthalmic, general, cardiovascular, and psychological examinations; and laboratory tests, including genetic analyses. We documented achievement levels in school education and post-school professional education. The spherical equivalent (SE) was determined by noncycloplegic autorefractometry. We fitted mixed linear models including age, gender, and 45 myopia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as covariates.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and magnitude of myopia in association with years spent in school and level of post-school professional education.RESULTS: Individuals who graduated from school after 13 years were more myopic (median, -0.5 diopters [D]; first quartile [Q1]/third quartile [Q3], -2.1/0.3 D) than those who graduated after 10 years (median, -0.2 D; Q1/Q3, -1.3/0.8 D), than those who graduated after 9 years (median, 0.3 D; Q1/Q3, -0.6/1.4 D), and than those who never finished secondary school (median, 0.2 D; Q1/Q3, -0.5/1.8 D; P<0.001, respectively). The same holds true for persons with a university degree (median, -0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -2.3/0.3 D) versus those who finished secondary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -1.1/0.8 D) or primary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -0.9/1.1 D) versus persons without any post-school professional qualification (median, 0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -0.4/1.7 D; P<0.001, respectively). Of persons who graduated from school after 13 years, 50.9% were myopic (SE, ≤-0.5 D) versus 41.6%, 27.1%, and 26.9% after 10 years, in those who graduated after 9 years, and in those who never graduated from secondary school, respectively (P<0.001). In university graduates, the proportion of myopic persons was higher (53%) than that of those who graduated from secondary (34.8%) or primary (34.7%) vocational schools and than in those without any professional training (23.9%; P<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analyses: higher school and professional levels of education were associated with a more myopic SE independent of gender. There was a small effect of age and SNPs.CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of school and post-school professional education are associated with a more myopic refraction. Participants with higher educational achievements more often were myopic than individuals with less education.",

keywords = "Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Education, Professional/statistics & numerical data, Educational Status, Female, Germany/epidemiology, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Myopia/epidemiology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Refractive Errors/epidemiology, Sex Factors",

author = "Alireza Mirshahi and Ponto, {Katharina A} and Ren{\'e} Hoehn and Isabella Zwiener and Tanja Zeller and Karl Lackner and Beutel, {Manfred E} and Norbert Pfeiffer",

year = "2014",

month = oct,

doi = "10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.017",

language = "English",

volume = "121",

pages = "2047--2052",

journal = "OPHTHALMOLOGY",

issn = "0161-6420",

publisher = "Elsevier Inc.",

number = "10",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg Health Study

AU - Mirshahi, Alireza

AU - Ponto, Katharina A

AU - Hoehn, René

AU - Zwiener, Isabella

AU - Zeller, Tanja

AU - Lackner, Karl

AU - Beutel, Manfred E

AU - Pfeiffer, Norbert

PY - 2014/10

Y1 - 2014/10

N2 - PURPOSE: To analyze the association between myopia and educational level in an adult European cohort.DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study.PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of the Gutenberg Health Study, including 4658 eligible enrollees between 35 and 74 years of age.METHODS: We applied a standardized protocol entailing a comprehensive questionnaire; thorough ophthalmic, general, cardiovascular, and psychological examinations; and laboratory tests, including genetic analyses. We documented achievement levels in school education and post-school professional education. The spherical equivalent (SE) was determined by noncycloplegic autorefractometry. We fitted mixed linear models including age, gender, and 45 myopia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as covariates.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and magnitude of myopia in association with years spent in school and level of post-school professional education.RESULTS: Individuals who graduated from school after 13 years were more myopic (median, -0.5 diopters [D]; first quartile [Q1]/third quartile [Q3], -2.1/0.3 D) than those who graduated after 10 years (median, -0.2 D; Q1/Q3, -1.3/0.8 D), than those who graduated after 9 years (median, 0.3 D; Q1/Q3, -0.6/1.4 D), and than those who never finished secondary school (median, 0.2 D; Q1/Q3, -0.5/1.8 D; P<0.001, respectively). The same holds true for persons with a university degree (median, -0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -2.3/0.3 D) versus those who finished secondary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -1.1/0.8 D) or primary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -0.9/1.1 D) versus persons without any post-school professional qualification (median, 0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -0.4/1.7 D; P<0.001, respectively). Of persons who graduated from school after 13 years, 50.9% were myopic (SE, ≤-0.5 D) versus 41.6%, 27.1%, and 26.9% after 10 years, in those who graduated after 9 years, and in those who never graduated from secondary school, respectively (P<0.001). In university graduates, the proportion of myopic persons was higher (53%) than that of those who graduated from secondary (34.8%) or primary (34.7%) vocational schools and than in those without any professional training (23.9%; P<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analyses: higher school and professional levels of education were associated with a more myopic SE independent of gender. There was a small effect of age and SNPs.CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of school and post-school professional education are associated with a more myopic refraction. Participants with higher educational achievements more often were myopic than individuals with less education.

AB - PURPOSE: To analyze the association between myopia and educational level in an adult European cohort.DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study.PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of the Gutenberg Health Study, including 4658 eligible enrollees between 35 and 74 years of age.METHODS: We applied a standardized protocol entailing a comprehensive questionnaire; thorough ophthalmic, general, cardiovascular, and psychological examinations; and laboratory tests, including genetic analyses. We documented achievement levels in school education and post-school professional education. The spherical equivalent (SE) was determined by noncycloplegic autorefractometry. We fitted mixed linear models including age, gender, and 45 myopia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as covariates.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and magnitude of myopia in association with years spent in school and level of post-school professional education.RESULTS: Individuals who graduated from school after 13 years were more myopic (median, -0.5 diopters [D]; first quartile [Q1]/third quartile [Q3], -2.1/0.3 D) than those who graduated after 10 years (median, -0.2 D; Q1/Q3, -1.3/0.8 D), than those who graduated after 9 years (median, 0.3 D; Q1/Q3, -0.6/1.4 D), and than those who never finished secondary school (median, 0.2 D; Q1/Q3, -0.5/1.8 D; P<0.001, respectively). The same holds true for persons with a university degree (median, -0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -2.3/0.3 D) versus those who finished secondary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -1.1/0.8 D) or primary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -0.9/1.1 D) versus persons without any post-school professional qualification (median, 0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -0.4/1.7 D; P<0.001, respectively). Of persons who graduated from school after 13 years, 50.9% were myopic (SE, ≤-0.5 D) versus 41.6%, 27.1%, and 26.9% after 10 years, in those who graduated after 9 years, and in those who never graduated from secondary school, respectively (P<0.001). In university graduates, the proportion of myopic persons was higher (53%) than that of those who graduated from secondary (34.8%) or primary (34.7%) vocational schools and than in those without any professional training (23.9%; P<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analyses: higher school and professional levels of education were associated with a more myopic SE independent of gender. There was a small effect of age and SNPs.CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of school and post-school professional education are associated with a more myopic refraction. Participants with higher educational achievements more often were myopic than individuals with less education.

KW - Adult

KW - Age Factors

KW - Aged

KW - Cohort Studies

KW - Cross-Sectional Studies

KW - Education, Professional/statistics & numerical data

KW - Educational Status

KW - Female

KW - Germany/epidemiology

KW - Humans

KW - Linear Models

KW - Male

KW - Middle Aged

KW - Myopia/epidemiology

KW - Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

KW - Refractive Errors/epidemiology

KW - Sex Factors

U2 - 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.017

DO - 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.017

M3 - SCORING: Journal article

C2 - 24947658

VL - 121

SP - 2047

EP - 2052

JO - OPHTHALMOLOGY

JF - OPHTHALMOLOGY

SN - 0161-6420

IS - 10

ER -