Lungenembolie

TY - JOUR

T1 - Lungenembolie

AU - Söffker, Gerold

AU - Kluge, Stefan

N1 - Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.

PY - 2015/1/1

Y1 - 2015/1/1

N2 - Acute pulmonary embolism is an important differential diagnosis of acute chest pain. The clinical signs are often non-specific. However, diagnosis and therapy must be done quickly in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. The new (2014) European guidelines for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) focus on risk-adapted diagnostic algorithms and prognosis adapted therapy concepts. According to the hemodynamic presentation the division in a high-risk group (unstable patient with persistent hypotension or shock) or in non-high-risk groups (hemodynamically stable) was proposed. In the high-risk group the immediate diagnosis is usually done by multidetector spiral computed tomography (MDCT) and primarily the medical therapy of right ventricular dysfunction and thrombolysis is recommended.In the non-high-risk group, this is subdivided into an intermediate-risk group and low-risk group, the diagnosis algorithm based on the PE-pretest probability--determined by validated scores. Moreover, the diagnosis is usually secured by MDCT--the new gold standard in the PE-diagnosis, scores, or it can be primarily ruled out due to the high negative predictive value of D-dimer determination. To improve the prognostic risk stratification in non-high-risk group patients the additional detection of right ventricular dysfunction (MDCT, echocardiography), cardiac biomarkers (troponin, NT proBNP) and validated scores (e.g. Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index) is recommended. Therefore, the intermediate-risk group can be further subdivided. For treatment of non-high-risk group patients, the initial anticoagulation (except those with severe renal insufficiency) using low molecular weight heparin/fondaparinux and conversion to vitamin-K antagonists or alternatively with direct oral anticoagulants (DOAK) is recommended. Hemodynamically stable patients with right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial ischemia (Intermediate-high-risk group patients) but with clinically progressive hemodynamic decompensation may benefit from systemic thrombolysis as well. Due to the high risk of bleeding in the PEITHO study, however, a critical individual risk-benefit evaluation should be done. A dose reduced systemic or local ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis could gain importance in the future. For very selected patients in the low-risk group early outpatient treatment could be considered.The diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism remains complex. Improved algorithms support the diagnosis procedures and therapy decisions. Direct oral anticoagulants are a new first-line therapy alternative for hemodynamically stable non-high-risk patients.

AB - Acute pulmonary embolism is an important differential diagnosis of acute chest pain. The clinical signs are often non-specific. However, diagnosis and therapy must be done quickly in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. The new (2014) European guidelines for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) focus on risk-adapted diagnostic algorithms and prognosis adapted therapy concepts. According to the hemodynamic presentation the division in a high-risk group (unstable patient with persistent hypotension or shock) or in non-high-risk groups (hemodynamically stable) was proposed. In the high-risk group the immediate diagnosis is usually done by multidetector spiral computed tomography (MDCT) and primarily the medical therapy of right ventricular dysfunction and thrombolysis is recommended.In the non-high-risk group, this is subdivided into an intermediate-risk group and low-risk group, the diagnosis algorithm based on the PE-pretest probability--determined by validated scores. Moreover, the diagnosis is usually secured by MDCT--the new gold standard in the PE-diagnosis, scores, or it can be primarily ruled out due to the high negative predictive value of D-dimer determination. To improve the prognostic risk stratification in non-high-risk group patients the additional detection of right ventricular dysfunction (MDCT, echocardiography), cardiac biomarkers (troponin, NT proBNP) and validated scores (e.g. Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index) is recommended. Therefore, the intermediate-risk group can be further subdivided. For treatment of non-high-risk group patients, the initial anticoagulation (except those with severe renal insufficiency) using low molecular weight heparin/fondaparinux and conversion to vitamin-K antagonists or alternatively with direct oral anticoagulants (DOAK) is recommended. Hemodynamically stable patients with right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial ischemia (Intermediate-high-risk group patients) but with clinically progressive hemodynamic decompensation may benefit from systemic thrombolysis as well. Due to the high risk of bleeding in the PEITHO study, however, a critical individual risk-benefit evaluation should be done. A dose reduced systemic or local ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis could gain importance in the future. For very selected patients in the low-risk group early outpatient treatment could be considered.The diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism remains complex. Improved algorithms support the diagnosis procedures and therapy decisions. Direct oral anticoagulants are a new first-line therapy alternative for hemodynamically stable non-high-risk patients.

KW - Anticoagulants

KW - Chest Pain

KW - Diagnosis, Differential

KW - Echocardiography

KW - Fibrinolytic Agents

KW - Humans

KW - Pulmonary Embolism

KW - Tomography, X-Ray Computed

U2 - 10.1055/s-0041-100003

DO - 10.1055/s-0041-100003

M3 - SCORING: Zeitschriftenaufsatz

C2 - 25612280

VL - 140

SP - 89

EP - 96

JO - DEUT MED WOCHENSCHR

JF - DEUT MED WOCHENSCHR

SN - 0012-0472

IS - 2

ER -