Interventional neuroradiology (INR) includes such occlusive procedures as, for example, pre-operative embolization of cerebral and spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and extracerebral head and neck tumors (meningioma, angiofibromas, etc.). In addition to this combined neuroradiological/surgical treatment, cranial and spinal dural fistulas, and traumatic arteriovenous fistulas as well as certain aneurysms at the base of the skull, may also be indications for transvascular embolization treatment alone. Recanalizing procedures (local fibrinolysis, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA] are employed for the most part in the vertebrobasilar and, with reservations, also in the carotid territories.
