A stiff elbow is usually defined as having less than 30° in extension or less than 130° in flexion. Most activities of daily living are possible if the elbow has a range of motion of 100° (30-130° of flexion, Morrey's arc of motion). Loss of mobility of the elbow is not uncommon after trauma, burns or coma and severely impairs upper limb function. Loss of mobility may be difficult to avoid and is challenging to treat. Detailed analysis of the etiology and diagnostic evaluation is of utmost importance for planning any surgical intervention for elbow stiffness. Current operative techniques, such as closed distraction with external fixation (arthroplasty), are presented and evaluated. Elbow arthrolysis is a technically demanding procedure but if the indications and techniques are used correctly and the surgeon, physiotherapist and even the patient are familiar with the procedure, good long-term results may be achieved. Contraindications are poor compliance, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, active hepatitis B and C infections, HIV infection and acute articular infections.
