Cardiac SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with pro-inflammatory transcriptomic alterations within the heart
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Cardiac SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with pro-inflammatory transcriptomic alterations within the heart. / Bräuninger, Hanna; Stoffers, Bastian; Fitzek, Antonia D E; Meißner, Kira; Aleshcheva, Ganna; Schweizer, Michaela; Weimann, Jessica; Rotter, Björn; Warnke, Svenja; Edler, Carolin; Braun, Fabian; Roedl, Kevin; Scherschel, Katharina; Escher, Felicitas; Kluge, Stefan; Huber, Tobias B; Ondruschka, Benjamin; Schultheiss, Heinz-Peter; Kirchhof, Paulus; Blankenberg, Stefan; Püschel, Klaus; Westermann, Dirk; Lindner, Diana.
In: CARDIOVASC RES, Vol. 118, No. 2, 29.01.2022, p. 542-555.Research output: SCORING: Contribution to journal › SCORING: Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Cardiac SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with pro-inflammatory transcriptomic alterations within the heart
AU - Bräuninger, Hanna
AU - Stoffers, Bastian
AU - Fitzek, Antonia D E
AU - Meißner, Kira
AU - Aleshcheva, Ganna
AU - Schweizer, Michaela
AU - Weimann, Jessica
AU - Rotter, Björn
AU - Warnke, Svenja
AU - Edler, Carolin
AU - Braun, Fabian
AU - Roedl, Kevin
AU - Scherschel, Katharina
AU - Escher, Felicitas
AU - Kluge, Stefan
AU - Huber, Tobias B
AU - Ondruschka, Benjamin
AU - Schultheiss, Heinz-Peter
AU - Kirchhof, Paulus
AU - Blankenberg, Stefan
AU - Püschel, Klaus
AU - Westermann, Dirk
AU - Lindner, Diana
N1 - © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.
PY - 2022/1/29
Y1 - 2022/1/29
N2 - AIMS: Cardiac involvement in COVID-19 is associated with adverse outcome. However, it is unclear whether cell-specific consequences are associated with cardiac SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we investigated heart tissue utilizing in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and RNA-sequencing in consecutive autopsy cases to quantify virus load and characterize cardiac involvement in COVID-19.METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, 95 SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsy cases were included. A relevant SARS-CoV-2 virus load in the cardiac tissue was detected in 41/95 deceased (43%). Massive analysis of cDNA ends (MACE)-RNA-sequencing was performed to identify molecular pathomechanisms caused by the infection of the heart. A signature matrix was generated based on the single-cell dataset 'Heart Cell Atlas' and used for digital cytometry on the MACE-RNA-sequencing data. Thus, immune cell fractions were estimated and revealed no difference in immune cell numbers in cases with and without cardiac infection. This result was confirmed by quantitative immunohistological diagnosis. MACE-RNA-sequencing revealed 19 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a q-value <0.05 (e.g. up: IFI44L, IFT3, TRIM25; down: NPPB, MB, MYPN). The upregulated DEGs were linked to interferon pathways and originate predominantly from endothelial cells. In contrast, the downregulated DEGs originate predominately from cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescent staining showed viral protein in cells positive for the endothelial marker ICAM1 but rarely in cardiomyocytes. The Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis revealed that downregulated GO terms were linked to cardiomyocyte structure, whereas upregulated GO terms were linked to anti-virus immune response.CONCLUSION: This study reveals that cardiac infection induced transcriptomic alterations mainly linked to immune response and destruction of cardiomyocytes. While endothelial cells are primarily targeted by the virus, we suggest cardiomyocyte destruction by paracrine effects. Increased pro-inflammatory gene expression was detected in SARS-CoV-2-infected cardiac tissue but no increased SARS-CoV-2 associated immune cell infiltration was observed.
AB - AIMS: Cardiac involvement in COVID-19 is associated with adverse outcome. However, it is unclear whether cell-specific consequences are associated with cardiac SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we investigated heart tissue utilizing in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and RNA-sequencing in consecutive autopsy cases to quantify virus load and characterize cardiac involvement in COVID-19.METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, 95 SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsy cases were included. A relevant SARS-CoV-2 virus load in the cardiac tissue was detected in 41/95 deceased (43%). Massive analysis of cDNA ends (MACE)-RNA-sequencing was performed to identify molecular pathomechanisms caused by the infection of the heart. A signature matrix was generated based on the single-cell dataset 'Heart Cell Atlas' and used for digital cytometry on the MACE-RNA-sequencing data. Thus, immune cell fractions were estimated and revealed no difference in immune cell numbers in cases with and without cardiac infection. This result was confirmed by quantitative immunohistological diagnosis. MACE-RNA-sequencing revealed 19 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a q-value <0.05 (e.g. up: IFI44L, IFT3, TRIM25; down: NPPB, MB, MYPN). The upregulated DEGs were linked to interferon pathways and originate predominantly from endothelial cells. In contrast, the downregulated DEGs originate predominately from cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescent staining showed viral protein in cells positive for the endothelial marker ICAM1 but rarely in cardiomyocytes. The Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis revealed that downregulated GO terms were linked to cardiomyocyte structure, whereas upregulated GO terms were linked to anti-virus immune response.CONCLUSION: This study reveals that cardiac infection induced transcriptomic alterations mainly linked to immune response and destruction of cardiomyocytes. While endothelial cells are primarily targeted by the virus, we suggest cardiomyocyte destruction by paracrine effects. Increased pro-inflammatory gene expression was detected in SARS-CoV-2-infected cardiac tissue but no increased SARS-CoV-2 associated immune cell infiltration was observed.
U2 - 10.1093/cvr/cvab322
DO - 10.1093/cvr/cvab322
M3 - SCORING: Journal article
C2 - 34647998
VL - 118
SP - 542
EP - 555
JO - CARDIOVASC RES
JF - CARDIOVASC RES
SN - 0008-6363
IS - 2
ER -