Tissue engineering of musculoskeletal tissues, particularly bone and cartilage, is a rapidly advancing field. In bone, technology has centered on bone graft substitute materials and the development of biodegradable scaffolds. Recently, tissue engineering strategies have included cell and gene therapy. The availability of growth factors and the expanding knowledge base concerning the genetics and regulation of bone formation have generated new materials for tissue-engineering applications. This information base also has benefited cartilage tissue engineering. The problems are more complex, however, and the solutions appear more elusive. Advances in scaffold design and cell culture have improved the prognosis for success.
