XMRV induces cell migration, cytokine expression and tumor angiogenesis: are 22Rv1 cells a suitable prostate cancer model?
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XMRV induces cell migration, cytokine expression and tumor angiogenesis: are 22Rv1 cells a suitable prostate cancer model? / Stieler, Kristin; Schumacher, Udo; Horst, Andrea; Fischer, Nicole.
in: PLOS ONE, Jahrgang 7, Nr. 7, 7, 2012, S. 42321.Publikationen: SCORING: Beitrag in Fachzeitschrift/Zeitung › SCORING: Zeitschriftenaufsatz › Forschung › Begutachtung
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TY - JOUR
T1 - XMRV induces cell migration, cytokine expression and tumor angiogenesis: are 22Rv1 cells a suitable prostate cancer model?
AU - Stieler, Kristin
AU - Schumacher, Udo
AU - Horst, Andrea
AU - Fischer, Nicole
PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - 22Rv1 is a common prostate cancer cell line used in xenograft mouse experiments as well as in vitro cell culture assays to study aspects of prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Recently, this cell line was shown to harbor multiple copies of a gammaretrovirus, called XMRV, integrated in its genome. While the original prostate cancer xenograft CWR22 is free of any retrovirus, subsequently generated cell lines 22Rv1 and CWR-R1, carry this virus and additionally shed infectious gammaretroviral particles in their supernatant. Although XMRV most likely was generated by recombination events in cell culture this virus has been demonstrated to infect human cells in vitro and 22Rv1 as well as CWR-R1 cells are now considered biosafety 2 reagents. Here, we demonstrate that 22Rv1 cells with reduced retroviral transcription show reduced tumor angiogenesis and increased necrosis of the primary tumor derived from xenografted cells in scid mice when compared to the parental cell line. The presence of XMRV transcripts significantly increases secretion of osteopontin (OPN), CXCL14, IL13 and TIMP2 in 22Rv1 cells. Furthermore, these data are supported by in vitro cell invasion and differentiation assays. Collectively, our data suggest that the presence of XMRV transcripts at least partially contributes to 22Rv1 characteristics observed in vitro and in vivo with regard to migration, invasion and tumor angiogenesis. We propose that data received with 22Rv1 cells or equivalent cells carrying xenotropic gammaretroviruses should be carefully controlled including other prostate cancer cell lines tested for viral sequences.
AB - 22Rv1 is a common prostate cancer cell line used in xenograft mouse experiments as well as in vitro cell culture assays to study aspects of prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Recently, this cell line was shown to harbor multiple copies of a gammaretrovirus, called XMRV, integrated in its genome. While the original prostate cancer xenograft CWR22 is free of any retrovirus, subsequently generated cell lines 22Rv1 and CWR-R1, carry this virus and additionally shed infectious gammaretroviral particles in their supernatant. Although XMRV most likely was generated by recombination events in cell culture this virus has been demonstrated to infect human cells in vitro and 22Rv1 as well as CWR-R1 cells are now considered biosafety 2 reagents. Here, we demonstrate that 22Rv1 cells with reduced retroviral transcription show reduced tumor angiogenesis and increased necrosis of the primary tumor derived from xenografted cells in scid mice when compared to the parental cell line. The presence of XMRV transcripts significantly increases secretion of osteopontin (OPN), CXCL14, IL13 and TIMP2 in 22Rv1 cells. Furthermore, these data are supported by in vitro cell invasion and differentiation assays. Collectively, our data suggest that the presence of XMRV transcripts at least partially contributes to 22Rv1 characteristics observed in vitro and in vivo with regard to migration, invasion and tumor angiogenesis. We propose that data received with 22Rv1 cells or equivalent cells carrying xenotropic gammaretroviruses should be carefully controlled including other prostate cancer cell lines tested for viral sequences.
KW - Animals
KW - Humans
KW - Male
KW - Reproducibility of Results
KW - Mice
KW - Cell Line, Tumor
KW - Neoplasm Invasiveness
KW - Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
KW - Cell Movement
KW - Virus Replication
KW - RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism
KW - Neovascularization, Pathologic
KW - Necrosis
KW - Cytokines/genetics
KW - Cell Transformation, Viral
KW - Prostatic Neoplasms/blood supply/genetics/pathology/virology
KW - Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus/genetics/physiology
KW - Animals
KW - Humans
KW - Male
KW - Reproducibility of Results
KW - Mice
KW - Cell Line, Tumor
KW - Neoplasm Invasiveness
KW - Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
KW - Cell Movement
KW - Virus Replication
KW - RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism
KW - Neovascularization, Pathologic
KW - Necrosis
KW - Cytokines/genetics
KW - Cell Transformation, Viral
KW - Prostatic Neoplasms/blood supply/genetics/pathology/virology
KW - Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus/genetics/physiology
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0042321
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0042321
M3 - SCORING: Journal article
VL - 7
SP - 42321
JO - PLOS ONE
JF - PLOS ONE
SN - 1932-6203
IS - 7
M1 - 7
ER -
