AIMS: Outpatient maintenance treatment of opiate addicts with codeine/dihydrocodeine is a common approach in the treatment of drug addicts in Germany. This study was carried out to assess possible benefits of codeine maintenance in terms of patients' health stabilization, social rehabilitation and drug consumption. DESIGN: Three-year follow-up study. SETTING: Three practices of substituting physicians in large-city areas in Germany. PARTICIPANTS: Of a random sample of 297 people attending for opiate outpatient treatment in 1993, 199 were successfully followed up 3 years later. MEASUREMENTS: Measures of health, living conditions, employment, criminal activities and drug use were collected at baseline and follow-up. The data were based on standardized interviews and medical examinations by the attending doctors as well as on questionnaires from the patients. FINDINGS: Based on a 67%-follow-up rate, after 3 years of codeine maintenance there was improvement in general health and mental problems. The living and working situation remained more or less unchanged and stabilized at a satisfactory level. The same applies to the consumption of drugs. CONCLUSION: The patients' progress shown in this study was comparable to that achieved by methadone maintenance in similar geographical regions. Codeine has a weaker pharmacological effects and our results suggest that codeine maintenance treatment deserves more attention and controlled trials to assess the benefits compared with methadone (or other opioids).
