APC resistance in childhood thromboembolism: diagnosis and clinical aspects

TY - JOUR

T1 - APC resistance in childhood thromboembolism: diagnosis and clinical aspects

AU - Nowak-Göttl, U

AU - Schneppenheim, R

AU - Vielhaber, H

PY - 1997/1/1

Y1 - 1997/1/1

N2 - Few studies of activated protein C resistance (APCR) and thromboembolism in childhood have been published. In the majority of childhood thromboses reported, the factor V Leiden mutation was associated with venous thromboses; however, one case report and three studies described arterial thromboembolism in infants and children due to the common mutation in the factor V gene. In one neonate purpura fulminans occurred, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II was additionally documented. Two case reports and seven of nine studies reported associated clinical conditions together with inherited coagulation disorders. In three studies homozygous patients were mentioned. There are few studies describing the interaction between APCR and coagulation or the fibrinolytic system in symptomatic and nonsymptomatic infants. Compared with healthy brothers or sisters and a healthy age-matched control group, thrombin generation, D-dimer, PAI-1 activity, and t-PA antigen were found clearly elevated in children with APCR. In addition, infants and children with the Arg506-to-Gln mutation in the factor V gene showed significantly increased thrombomodulin concentrations along with normal protein C activities compared with relatives and healthy controls. No difference was recorded in these studies between heterozygous infants and children without vascular occlusion and patients who previously had suffered from thromboembolism. Until long-term data are available for the treatment of patients with APCR, such children should be treated in the same way as patients with deficiencies of protein C, protein S, or antithrombin.

AB - Few studies of activated protein C resistance (APCR) and thromboembolism in childhood have been published. In the majority of childhood thromboses reported, the factor V Leiden mutation was associated with venous thromboses; however, one case report and three studies described arterial thromboembolism in infants and children due to the common mutation in the factor V gene. In one neonate purpura fulminans occurred, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II was additionally documented. Two case reports and seven of nine studies reported associated clinical conditions together with inherited coagulation disorders. In three studies homozygous patients were mentioned. There are few studies describing the interaction between APCR and coagulation or the fibrinolytic system in symptomatic and nonsymptomatic infants. Compared with healthy brothers or sisters and a healthy age-matched control group, thrombin generation, D-dimer, PAI-1 activity, and t-PA antigen were found clearly elevated in children with APCR. In addition, infants and children with the Arg506-to-Gln mutation in the factor V gene showed significantly increased thrombomodulin concentrations along with normal protein C activities compared with relatives and healthy controls. No difference was recorded in these studies between heterozygous infants and children without vascular occlusion and patients who previously had suffered from thromboembolism. Until long-term data are available for the treatment of patients with APCR, such children should be treated in the same way as patients with deficiencies of protein C, protein S, or antithrombin.

KW - Child

KW - Factor V

KW - Humans

KW - Infant

KW - Protein C

KW - Thromboembolism

KW - Vascular Diseases

U2 - 10.1055/s-2007-996098

DO - 10.1055/s-2007-996098

M3 - SCORING: Journal article

C2 - 9255906

VL - 23

SP - 253

EP - 258

JO - SEMIN THROMB HEMOST

JF - SEMIN THROMB HEMOST

SN - 0094-6176

IS - 3

ER -